A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
Gaia16apd-a link between fast and slowly declining type I superluminous supernovae
Authors: T. Kangas, N. Blagorodnova, S. Mattila, P. Lundqvist, M. Fraser, U. Burgaz, E. Cappellaro, J. M. Carrasco Martinez, N. Elias-Rosa, L. K. Hardy, J. Harmanen, E. Y. Hsiao, J. Isern, E. Kankare, Z. Kołaczkowski, M. B. Nielsen, T. M. Reynolds, L. Rhodes, A. Somero, M. D. Stritzinger, Ł. Wyrzykowski
Publisher: OXFORD UNIV PRESS
Publication year: 2017
Journal: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Journal name in source: MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
Journal acronym: MON NOT R ASTRON SOC
Volume: 469
Issue: 1
First page : 1246
Last page: 1258
Number of pages: 13
ISSN: 0035-8711
eISSN: 1365-2966
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx833
Web address : https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/mnras/stx833
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/23345770
We present ultraviolet (UV), optical and infrared photometry and optical spectroscopy of the type Ic superluminous supernova (SLSN) Gaia16apd (= SN 2016eay), covering its evolution from 26 d before the g-band peak to 234.1 d after the peak. Gaia16apd was followed as a part of the NOT Unbiased Transient Survey (NUTS). It is one of the closest SLSNe known (z = 0.102 +/- 0.001), with detailed optical and UV observations covering the peak. Gaia16apd is a spectroscopically typical type Ic SLSN, exhibiting the characteristic blue early spectra with O II absorption, and reaches a peak M-g = -21.8 +/- 0.1 mag. However, photometrically it exhibits an evolution intermediate between the fast and slowly declining type Ic SLSNe, with an early evolution closer to the fast-declining events. Together with LSQ12dlf, another SLSN with similar properties, it demonstrates a possible continuum between fast and slowly declining events. It is unusually UV-bright even for an SLSN, reaching a non-K-corrected M-uvm2 similar or equal to -23.3 mag, the only other type Ic SLSN with similar UV brightness being SN 2010gx. Assuming that Gaia16apd was powered by magnetar spin-down, we derive a period of P = 1.9 +/- 0.2 ms and a magnetic field of B = 1.9 +/- 0.2 x 10(14) G for the magnetar. The estimated ejecta mass is between 8 and 16 M circle dot, and the kinetic energy between 1.3 and 2.5 x 10(52) erg, depending on opacity and assuming that the entire ejecta is swept up into a thin shell. Despite the early photometric differences, the spectra at late times are similar to slowly declining type Ic SLSNe, implying that the two subclasses originate from similar progenitors.
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