A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
The effect of different strong acids and silica-coating on resin Ti adhesion
Authors: Zakir Muhammad, Laiho Taina, Granroth Sari, Kukk Edwin, Chu Chun Hung, Kit-Hon Tsoi James, Matinlinna Jukka P.
Publisher: WILEY
Publication year: 2023
Journal: Surface and Interface Analysis
Journal name in source: SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS
Journal acronym: SURF INTERFACE ANAL
Volume: 55
Issue: 9
First page : 701
Last page: 711
Number of pages: 11
ISSN: 0142-2421
eISSN: 1096-9918
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.7239
Web address : https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.7239
Abstract
The presence of Si on the Ti surface is quintessential for a strong, durable silane-based adhesion utilized in several dental applications. Silica-coating and silanization form durable equivalent to Si-O-Si equivalent to bonds, which might have a positive effect on resin-Ti adhesion. This laboratory study studied the effect of strong acids, their blends, and silica-coating on Ti and resin-Ti bonding. One-hundred sixty-eight c.p. grade 2 polished Ti samples (10 mm x 10 mm x 1 mm), out of which 96 were etched with 9% and 12%HF, a blend of 35%HCl+85%H3PO4 and a blend of 69%HNO3+35%HCl at 60 degrees C, each for 2 min. One half was silica-coated (Rocatec (TM) Plus, 110 mu m SiO2-coated-Al2O3). Sixty Ti samples were first silica-coated, and then, 48 of them were etched with 9%HF, 12%HF, a blend of 35%HCl+85%H3PO4, and a blend of 69%HNO3+35%HCl at 60 degrees C for 2 min. SEM, EDX, XPS, and R-a analyses were carried out. Polished Ti samples were controls. All silanizations were carried out with a blend of 0.3 vol% 1,2-bis-(triethoxysilyl)ethane+1.0 vol% 3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. Multilink (TM) Automix self-adhesive resin composite cement was used in adhesion testing, and the samples were artificially aged followed by enclosed-mold micro-shear test on day 1 and weeks 1, 4, and 8. Failure mode analysis and statistical analysis with one-way/two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05) were carried out. HF etching produced the highest surface roughness. XPS analysis identified after etching with HF a variety of Ti and Si ions: Ti4+, Ti3+, Ti2+, and Ti-0 and, on the other hand, Si4+, Si3+, and Si2+. A gradual decrease in adhesion strength was observed after artificial aging. Adhesive and cohesive failures were observed.
The presence of Si on the Ti surface is quintessential for a strong, durable silane-based adhesion utilized in several dental applications. Silica-coating and silanization form durable equivalent to Si-O-Si equivalent to bonds, which might have a positive effect on resin-Ti adhesion. This laboratory study studied the effect of strong acids, their blends, and silica-coating on Ti and resin-Ti bonding. One-hundred sixty-eight c.p. grade 2 polished Ti samples (10 mm x 10 mm x 1 mm), out of which 96 were etched with 9% and 12%HF, a blend of 35%HCl+85%H3PO4 and a blend of 69%HNO3+35%HCl at 60 degrees C, each for 2 min. One half was silica-coated (Rocatec (TM) Plus, 110 mu m SiO2-coated-Al2O3). Sixty Ti samples were first silica-coated, and then, 48 of them were etched with 9%HF, 12%HF, a blend of 35%HCl+85%H3PO4, and a blend of 69%HNO3+35%HCl at 60 degrees C for 2 min. SEM, EDX, XPS, and R-a analyses were carried out. Polished Ti samples were controls. All silanizations were carried out with a blend of 0.3 vol% 1,2-bis-(triethoxysilyl)ethane+1.0 vol% 3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. Multilink (TM) Automix self-adhesive resin composite cement was used in adhesion testing, and the samples were artificially aged followed by enclosed-mold micro-shear test on day 1 and weeks 1, 4, and 8. Failure mode analysis and statistical analysis with one-way/two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05) were carried out. HF etching produced the highest surface roughness. XPS analysis identified after etching with HF a variety of Ti and Si ions: Ti4+, Ti3+, Ti2+, and Ti-0 and, on the other hand, Si4+, Si3+, and Si2+. A gradual decrease in adhesion strength was observed after artificial aging. Adhesive and cohesive failures were observed.
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