A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal

Anemone bleaching increases the metabolic demands of symbiont anemonefish




AuthorsNorin, Tommy; Mills, Suzanne C.; Crespel, Amélie; Cortese, Daphne; Killen Shaun S.; Beldade, Ricardo

PublisherRoyal Society Publishing

Publication year2018

Journal: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Journal name in sourceProceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volume285

Issue1876

ISSN14712954 09628452

eISSN1471-2954

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0282

Web address https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2018.0282


Abstract

Increased ocean temperatures are causing mass bleaching of anemones and corals in the tropics worldwide. While such heat-induced loss of algal symbionts (zooxanthellae) directly affects anemones and corals physiologically, this damage may also cascade on to other animal symbionts. Metabolic rate is an integrative physiological trait shown to relate to various aspects of organismal performance, behaviour and locomotor capacity, and also shows plasticity during exposure to acute and chronic stressors. As climate warming is expected to affect the physiology, behaviour and life history of animals, including ectotherms such as fish, we measured if residing in bleached versus unbleached sea anemones (Heteractis magnifica) affected the standard (i.e. baseline) metabolic rate and behaviour (activity) of juvenile orange-fin anemonefish (Amphiprion chrysopterus). Metabolic rate was estimated from rates of oxygen uptake Inline Formula, and the standard metabolic rate Inline Formula of anemonefish from bleached anemones was significantly higher by 8.2% compared with that of fish residing in unbleached anemones, possibly due to increased stress levels. Activity levels did not differ between fish from bleached and unbleached anemones. As Inline Formula reflects the minimum cost of living, the increased metabolic demands may contribute to the negative impacts of bleaching on important anemonefish life history and fitness traits observed previously (e.g. reduced spawning frequency and lower fecundity).



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