Introduction

Protein arginine deiminases (PADs) are intracellular enzymes that may, especially in pathological conditions, also citrullinate extracellular substrates, including matrisome proteins such as structural proteins in extracellular matrix (ECM). PADs are abundantly expressed in human cancer cells. Citrullination of matrisome proteins has been reported in colon cancer but the phenomenon has never been systematically studied.

Methods

To gain a broader view of citrullination of matrisome proteins in cancer, we analyzed cancer proteomics data sets in 3 public databases for citrullinated matrisome proteins. In addition, we used three-dimensional cell cocultures of fibroblasts and cancer cells and analyzed citrullination of ECM.

Results and discussion

Our new analysis indicate that citrullination of ECM occurs in human cancer, and there is a significant variation between tumors. Most frequently citrullinated proteins included fibrinogen and fibronectin, which are typically citrullinated in rheumatoid inflammation. We also detected correlation between immune cell marker proteins, matrix metalloproteinases and ECM citrullination, which suggests that in cancer, citrullination of matrisome proteins is predominantly an inflammation-related phenomenon. This was further supported by our analysis of three-dimensional spheroid co-cultures of nine human cancer cell lines and fibroblasts by mass spectrometry, which gave no evidence that cancer cells or fibroblasts could citrullinate matrisome proteins in tumor stroma. It also appears that in the spheroid cultures, matrisome proteins are protected from citrullination.