A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Imaging of the Galactic Center Supermassive Black Hole
Authors: Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, Akiyama Kazunori, Alberdi Antxon, Alef Walter, Algaba Juan Carlos, Anantua Richard, Asada Keiichi, Azulay Rebecca, Bach Uwe, Baczko Anne-Kathrin, Ball David, Baloković Mislav, Barrett John, Bauböck Michi, Benson Bradford A., Bintley Dan, Blackburn Lindy, Blundell Raymond, Bouman Katherine L., Bower Geoffrey C., Boyce Hope, Bremer Michael, Brinkerink Christiaan D., Brissenden Roger, Britzen Silke, Broderick Avery E., Broguiere Dominique, Bronzwaer Thomas, Bustamante Sandra, Byun Do-Young, Carlstrom John E., Ceccobello Chiara, Chael Andrew, Chan Chi-kwan, Chatterjee Koushik, Chatterjee Shami, Chen Ming-Tang, Chen Yongjun, Cheng Xiaopeng, Cho Ilje, Christian Pierre, Conroy Nicholas S., Conway John E., Cordes James M., Crawford Thomas M., Crew Geoffrey B., Cruz-Osorio Alejandro, Cui Yuzhu, Davelaar Jordy, De Laurentis Mariafelicia, Deane Roger, Dempsey Jessica, Desvignes Gregory, Dexter Jason, Dhruv Vedant, Doeleman Sheperd S., Dougal Sean, Dzib Sergio A., Eatough Ralph P., Emami Razieh, Falcke Heino, Farah Joseph, Fish Vincent L., Fomalont Ed, Ford H. Alyson, Fraga-Encinas Raquel, Freeman William T., Friberg Per, Fromm Christian M., Fuentes Antonio, Galison Peter, Gammie Charles F., García Roberto, Gentaz Olivier, Georgiev Boris, Goddi Ciriaco, Gold Roman, Gómez-Ruiz Arturo I., Gómez José L., Gu Minfeng, Gurwell Mark, Hada Kazuhiro, Haggard Daryl, Haworth Kari, Hecht Michael H., Hesper Ronald, Heumann Dirk, Ho Luis C., Ho Paul, Honma Mareki, Huang Chih-Wei L., Huang Lei, Hughes David H., Ikeda Shiro, Impellizzeri C. M. Violette, Inoue Makoto, Issaoun Sara, James David J., Jannuzi Buell T., Janssen Michael, Jeter Britton, Jiang Wu, Jiménez-Rosales Alejandra, Johnson Michael D., Jorstad Svetlana, Joshi Abhishek V., Jung Taehyun, Karami Mansour, Karuppusamy Ramesh, Kawashima Tomohisa, Keating Garrett K., Kettenis Mark, Kim Dong-Jin, Kim Jae-Young, Kim Jongsoo, Kim Junhan, Kino Motoki, Koay Jun Yi, Kocherlakota Prashant, Kofuji Yutaro, Koch Patrick M., Koyama Shoko, Kramer Carsten, Kramer Michael, Krichbaum Thomas P., Kuo Cheng-Yu, La Bella Noemi, Lauer Tod R., Lee Daeyoung, Lee Sang-Sung, Leung Po Kin, Levis Aviad, Li Zhiyuan, Lico Rocco, Lindahl Greg, Lindqvist Michael, Lisakov Mikhail, Liu Jun, Liu Kuo, Liuzzo Elisabetta, Lo Wen-Ping, Lobanov Andrei P., Loinard Laurent, Lonsdale Colin J., Lu Ru-Sen, Mao Jirong, Marchili Nicola, Markoff Sera, Marrone Daniel P., Marscher Alan P., Martí-Vidal Iván, Matsushita Satoki, Matthews Lynn D., Medeiros Lia, Menten Karl M., Michalik Daniel, Mizuno Izumi, Mizuno Yosuke, Moran James M., Moriyama Kotaro, Moscibrodzka Monika, Müller Cornelia, Mus Alejandro, Musoke Gibwa, Myserlis Ioannis, Nadolski Andrew, Nagai Hiroshi, Nagar Neil M., Nakamura Masanori, Narayan Ramesh, Narayanan Gopal, Natarajan Iniyan, Nathanail Antonios, Navarro Fuentes Santiago, Neilsen Joey, Neri Roberto, Ni Chunchong, Noutsos Aristeidis, Nowak Michael A., Oh Junghwan, Okino Hiroki, Olivares Héctor, Ortiz-León Gisela N., Oyama Tomoaki, Özel Feryal, Palumbo Daniel C. M., Paraschos Georgios Filippos, Park Jongho, Parsons Harriet, Patel Nimesh, Pen Ue-Li, Pesce Dominic W., Piétu Vincent, Plambeck Richard, PopStefanija Aleksandar, Porth Oliver, Pötzl Felix M., Prather Ben, Preciado-López Jorge A., Psaltis Dimitrios, Pu Hung-Yi, Ramakrishnan Venkatessh, Rao Ramprasad, Rawlings Mark G., Raymond Alexander W., Rezzolla Luciano, Ricarte Angelo, Ripperda Bart, Roelofs Freek, Rogers Alan, Ros Eduardo, Romero-Cañizales Cristina, Roshanineshat Arash, Rottmann Helge, Roy Alan L., Ruiz Ignacio, Ruszczyk Chet, Rygl Kazi L. J., Sánchez Salvador, Sánchez-Argüelles David, Sánchez-Portal Miguel, Sasada Mahito, Satapathy Kaushik, Savolainen Tuomas, Schloerb F. Peter, Schonfeld Jonathan, Schuster Karl-Friedrich, Shao Lijing, Shen Zhiqiang, Small Des, Sohn Bong Won, SooHoo Jason, Souccar Kamal, Sun He, Tazaki Fumie, Tetarenko Alexandra J., Tiede Paul, Tilanus Remo P. J., Titus Michael, Torne Pablo, Traianou Efthalia, Trent Tyler, Trippe Sascha, Turk Matthew, van Bemmel Ilse, van Langevelde Huib Jan, van Rossum Daniel R., Vos Jesse, Wagner Jan, Ward-Thompson Derek, Wardle John, Weintroub Jonathan, Wex Norbert, Wharton Robert, Wielgus Maciek, Wiik Kaj, Witzel Gunther, Wondrak Michael F., Wong George N., Wu Qingwen, Yamaguchi Paul, Yoon Doosoo, Young André, Young Ken, Younsi Ziri, Yuan Feng, Yuan Ye-Fei, Zensus J. Anton, Zhang Shuo, Zhao Guang-Yao, Zhao Shan-Shan
Publisher: IOP Publishing Ltd
Publication year: 2022
Journal: Astrophysical Journal Letters
Journal name in source: ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS
Journal acronym: ASTROPHYS J LETT
Article number: L14
Volume: 930
Issue: 2
Number of pages: 64
ISSN: 2041-8205
eISSN: 2041-8213
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac6429
Web address : https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac6429
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/175637230
We present the first event-horizon-scale images and spatiotemporal analysis of Sgr A* taken with the Event Horizon Telescope in 2017 April at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Imaging of Sgr A* has been conducted through surveys over a wide range of imaging assumptions using the classical CLEAN algorithm, regularized maximum likelihood methods, and a Bayesian posterior sampling method. Different prescriptions have been used to account for scattering effects by the interstellar medium toward the Galactic center. Mitigation of the rapid intraday variability that characterizes Sgr A* has been carried out through the addition of a "variability noise budget" in the observed visibilities, facilitating the reconstruction of static full-track images. Our static reconstructions of Sgr A* can be clustered into four representative morphologies that correspond to ring images with three different azimuthal brightness distributions and a small cluster that contains diverse nonring morphologies. Based on our extensive analysis of the effects of sparse (u, v)-coverage, source variability, and interstellar scattering, as well as studies of simulated visibility data, we conclude that the Event Horizon Telescope Sgr A* data show compelling evidence for an image that is dominated by a bright ring of emission with a ring diameter of similar to ∼50 μas, consistent with the expected "shadow" of a 4 × 106 M⊙ black hole in the Galactic center located at a distance of 8 kpc.
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