A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
Towards a view from within: The contribution of Francisco Varela to the study of consciousness
Authors: Lanfranco Renzo C, Canales-Johnson Andres, Lucero Boris, Vargas Esteban, Noreika Valdas
Publisher: SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD
Publication year: 2022
Journal: Adaptive Behavior
Journal name in source: ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR
Journal acronym: ADAPT BEHAV
Article number: 10597123221080193
Number of pages: 18
ISSN: 1059-7123
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10597123221080193
Web address : https://doi.org/10.1177/10597123221080193
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/175232962
The contents of consciousness are complex and dynamic and are embedded in perception and cognition. The study of consciousness and subjective experience has been central to philosophy for centuries. However, despite its relevance for understanding cognition and behaviour, the empirical study of consciousness is relatively new, embroiled by the seemingly opposing subjective and objective sources of data. Francisco Varela (1946-2001) pioneered the empirical study of consciousness by developing novel, naturalised and rich approaches in a non-reductive and comprehensive manner. In this article, we review the main conceptual distinctions and philosophical challenges of consciousness research and highlight the main contributions of Varela and his associates: the development of neurophenomenology as a methodological framework that builds a bridge between subjective and objective sources of data and the discovery of gamma-band phase synchronisation as a neural marker of perceptual awareness. Finally, we describe the work of Varela on time consciousness, his philosophical approach and the implementation of his neurophenomenological framework for its study by integrating subjective reports with neural measures.
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