A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
Investigating the Blazar TXS 0506+056 through Sharp Multiwavelength Eyes During 2017-2019
Authors: Acciari VA, Aniello T, Ansoldi S, Antonelli LA, Engels AA, Artero M, Asano K, Baack D, Babic A, Baquero A, de Almeida UB, Barrio JA, Batkovic I, Gonzalez JB, Bednarek W, Bernardini E, Bernardos M, Berti A, Besenrieder J, Bhattacharyya W, Bigongiari C, Biland A, Blanch O, Bokenkamp H, Bonnoli G, Bosnjak Z, Busetto G, Carosi R, Ceribella G, Cerruti M, Chai Y, Chilingarian A, Cikota S, Colombo E, Contreras JL, Cortina J, Covino S, D'Amico G, D'Elia V, Da Vela P, Dazzi F, De Angelis A, De Lotto B, Del Popolo A, Delfino M, Delgado J, Mendez CD, Depaoli D, Di Pierro F, Di Venere L, Espineira ED, Prester DD, Donini A, Dorner D, Doro M, Elsaesser D, Ramazani VF, Farina L, Fattorini A, Font L, Fruck C, Fukami S, Fukazawa Y, Lopez RJG, Garczarczyk M, Gasparyan S, Gaug M, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Gliwny P, Godinovic N, Green JG, Green D, Hadasch D, Hahn A, Hassan T, Heckmann L, Herrera J, Hoang J, Hrupec D, Hutten M, Inada T, Iotov R, Ishio K, Iwamura Y, Martinez IJ, Jormanainen J, Jouvin L, Kerszberg D, Kobayashi Y, Kubo H, Kushida J, Lamastra A, Lelas D, Leone F, Lindfors E, Linhoff L, Lombardi S, Longo F, Lopez-Coto R, Lopez-Moya M, Lopez-Oramas A, Loporchio S, Fraga BMD, Maggio C, Majumdar P, Makariev M, Mallamaci M, Maneva G, Manganaro M, Mannheim K, Mariotti M, Martinez M, Aguilar AM, Mazin D, Menchiari S, Mender S, Micanovic S, Miceli D, Miener T, Miranda JM, Mirzoyan R, Molina E, Moralejo A, Morcuende D, Moreno V, Moretti E, Nakamori T, Nava L, Neustroev V, Rosillo MN, Nigro C, Nilsson K, Nishijima K, Noda K, Nozaki S, Ohtani Y, Oka T, Otero-Santos J, Paiano S, Palatiello M, Paneque D, Paoletti R, Paredes JM, Pavletic L, Penil P, Persic M, Pihet M, Moroni PGP, Prandini E, Priyadarshi C, Puljak I, Rhode W, Ribo M, Rico J, Righi C, Rugliancich A, Sahakyan N, Saito T, Sakurai S, Satalecka K, Saturni FG, Schleicher B, Schmidt K, Schmuckermaier F, Schweizer T, Sitarek J, Snidaric I, Sobczynska D, Spolon A, Stamerra A, Striskovic J, Strom D, Strzys M, Suda Y, Suric T, Takahashi M, Takeishi R, Tavecchio F, Temnikov P, Terzic T, Teshima M, Tosti L, Truzzi S, Tutone A, Ubach S, van Scherpenberg J, Vanzo G, Acosta MV, Ventura S, Verguilov V, Viale I, Vigorito CF, Vitale V, Vovk I, Will M, Wunderlich C, Yamamoto T, Zaric D, Hodges M, Hovatta T, Kiehlmann S, Liodakis I, Max-Moerbeck W, Pearson TJ, Readhead ACS, Reeves RA, Lahteenmaki A, Tornikoski M, Tammi J, D'Ammando F, Marchini A
Publisher: IOP Publishing Ltd
Publication year: 2022
Journal: Astrophysical Journal
Journal name in source: ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
Journal acronym: ASTROPHYS J
Article number: 197
Volume: 927
Issue: 2
Number of pages: 15
ISSN: 0004-637X
eISSN: 1538-4357
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac531d
Web address : https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ac531d
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/175028466
Preprint address: https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.02600v1
The blazar TXS 0506+056 got into the spotlight of the astrophysical community in 2017 September, when a high-energy neutrino detected by IceCube (IceCube-170922A) was associated at the 3 sigma level with a gamma-ray flare from this source. This multi-messenger photon-neutrino association remains, as per today, the most significant association ever observed. TXS 0506+056 was a poorly studied object before the IceCube-170922A event. To better characterize its broadband emission, we organized a multiwavelength campaign lasting 16 months (2017 November to 2019 February), covering the radio band (Metsahovi, OVRO), the optical/UV (ASAS-SN, KVA, REM, Swift/UVOT), the X-rays (Swift/XRT, NuSTAR), the high-energy gamma rays (Fermi/LAT), and the very high-energy (VHE) gamma rays (MAGIC). In gamma rays, the behavior of the source was significantly different from the behavior in 2017: MAGIC observations show the presence of flaring activity during 2018 December, while the source only shows an excess at the 4 sigma level during the rest of the campaign (74 hr of accumulated exposure); Fermi/LAT observations show several short (on a timescale of days to a week) flares, different from the long-term brightening of 2017. No significant flares are detected at lower energies. The radio light curve shows an increasing flux trend that is not seen in other wavelengths. We model the multiwavelength spectral energy distributions in a lepto-hadronic scenario, in which the hadronic emission emerges as Bethe-Heitler and pion-decay cascade in the X-rays and VHE gamma rays. According to the model presented here, the 2018 December gamma-ray flare was connected to a neutrino emission that was too brief and not bright enough to be detected by current neutrino instruments.
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