A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
Postmenopausal estrogen therapy modulates nocturnal nonlinear heart rate dynamics
Authors: Virtanen I, Ekholm E, Polo-Kantola P, Hiekkanen H, Huikuri H
Publisher: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
Publication year: 2008
Journal: Menopause
Journal name in source: MENOPAUSE-THE JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN MENOPAUSE SOCIETY
Journal acronym: MENOPAUSE
Volume: 15
First page : 693
Last page: 697
Number of pages: 5
ISSN: 1072-3714
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e31815dba86
Abstract
Objective: To study the effects of postmenopausal estrogen therapy (ET) on nocturnal nonlinear heart rate variability (HRV).Design: In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 71 healthy hysterectomized postmenopausal women received either transdermal estradiol or placebo for 3 months. After a washout period of I month, the treatments were reversed. Sleep studies were performed after both treatment periods. One steady-state epoch per night of the awake state, stage 2 (light) non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, stage 3-4 (deep) non-REM sleep, also known as slow-wave sleep, and REM sleep was extracted. From the electrocardiogram, nonlinear HRV was analyzed as the fractal scaling exponents alpha(1), and alpha(2), approximate entropy (ApEn), and the Poincare plot variability coefficients SD1 and SD2. These were correlated to ET use in both different sleep stages and averaged across all sleep stages.Results: During ET, the nocturnal ApEn decreased from 0.80 +/- 0.01 to 0.74 +/- 0.02 (P < 0.05), the most marked reduction occurring during slow-wave sleep (from 0.77 +/- 0.05 to 0.63 +/- 0.06, P < 0.05). In addition, SD2 decreased in slow-wave sleep and REM sleep during ET (P < 0.05 for both). In light non-REM sleep, a, slightly increased during ET (P < 0.05).Conclusions: ET has a slightly but distinctively attenuating effect on some nocturnal nonlinear measures of HRV, especially on complexity of heart rate dynamics. This implies that ET may have potentially deleterious effects on cardiovascular health during sleep.
Objective: To study the effects of postmenopausal estrogen therapy (ET) on nocturnal nonlinear heart rate variability (HRV).Design: In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 71 healthy hysterectomized postmenopausal women received either transdermal estradiol or placebo for 3 months. After a washout period of I month, the treatments were reversed. Sleep studies were performed after both treatment periods. One steady-state epoch per night of the awake state, stage 2 (light) non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, stage 3-4 (deep) non-REM sleep, also known as slow-wave sleep, and REM sleep was extracted. From the electrocardiogram, nonlinear HRV was analyzed as the fractal scaling exponents alpha(1), and alpha(2), approximate entropy (ApEn), and the Poincare plot variability coefficients SD1 and SD2. These were correlated to ET use in both different sleep stages and averaged across all sleep stages.Results: During ET, the nocturnal ApEn decreased from 0.80 +/- 0.01 to 0.74 +/- 0.02 (P < 0.05), the most marked reduction occurring during slow-wave sleep (from 0.77 +/- 0.05 to 0.63 +/- 0.06, P < 0.05). In addition, SD2 decreased in slow-wave sleep and REM sleep during ET (P < 0.05 for both). In light non-REM sleep, a, slightly increased during ET (P < 0.05).Conclusions: ET has a slightly but distinctively attenuating effect on some nocturnal nonlinear measures of HRV, especially on complexity of heart rate dynamics. This implies that ET may have potentially deleterious effects on cardiovascular health during sleep.
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