A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal

Immigrants’ Cross‐Border Interaction and the Pandemic: Estonians Living in Finland




AuthorsJauhiainen, Jussi S.

PublisherCogitatio Press

Publication year2026

Journal: Social Inclusion

Article number11474

Volume14

eISSN2183-2803

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.17645/si.11474

Publication's open availability at the time of reportingOpen Access

Publication channel's open availability Open Access publication channel

Web address https://doi.org/10.17645/si.11474

Self-archived copy’s web addresshttps://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/508911115

Self-archived copy's licenceCC BY

Self-archived copy's versionPublisher`s PDF


Abstract

Although major Covid‐19 restrictions have ended, their impact on how immigrant communities navigate physical and digital mobility continues to demand attention. This article examines shifts in cross‐border offline and online interactions before and after the pandemic’s most disruptive phase, focusing on Estonians in Finland, the country’s second‐largest immigrant group. Survey data from 2,398 respondents shows how the pandemic reconfigured cross‐border activity spaces: Physical travel to Estonia sharply declined while digital contact via phone and social media intensified. The pandemic altered immigrants’ spatial agency and expanded digital spaces of interaction. Digital communication and interaction did not replace embodied mobility nor generate hybrid transnational identities; instead, it reinforced emotional and cultural attachments to Estonia. After restrictions eased, in‐person visits not only resumed but exceeded pre‐pandemic levels. This case highlights how digital tools reconfigure cross‐border activity spaces and belonging in highly specific ways, shaped by ethnic, spatial, and socio‐technical factors. Ensuring equitable digital inclusion policies remains essential for sustaining immigrants’ well‐being and spatial agency. 


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Funding information in the publication
The survey collection was partly funded by the KONE Foundation funding “Suomen Sillat 3.0.”


Last updated on 05/02/2026 07:55:02 AM