The energy transition is a complex and challenging process, but it promises a more sustainable future. Its implementation involves not only technical issues but is also socially and politically challenging. The adoption of renewable energy sources and the reform of energy systems at a global level directly affect the well-being of populations, especially in regions with high levels of inequality and vulnerability. In this context, ensuring a fair energy transition is essential to prevent certain social groups from being excluded from its benefits or disproportionately bearing its costs. We can pave the way to a more equitable and sustainable world by addressing these challenges. This article presents a case study from the Lao PDR that analyses the intersection between the energy transition and social justice. It is necessary to analyse whether socio-environmental conflicts are related to energy projects, especially in rural communities and minorities. The analysis uses a methodological approach based on sustainability indicators, primarily the SDGs and human development metrics, to assess the impact of energy policies on the social, environmental and economic dimensions and try to understand how decisions in the energy sector can promote a fair and balanced transition between economic growth, environmental protection and social equity.