A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
Linguistic diversity and social-emotional development in Finnish early childhood education and care: a comparative study of monolingual and multilingual children; 
Authors: Martikainen, Silja; Zarra-Nezhad, Maryam; Moazami-Goodarzi, Ali; Linnavalli, Tanja; Kalland, Mirjam
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Publication year: 2026
ISSN: 1367-0050
eISSN: 1747-7522
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2026.2703950
Publication's open availability at the time of reporting: Open Access
Publication channel's open availability : Partially Open Access publication channel
Web address : https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2026.2703950
Self-archived copy’s web address: https://research.utu.fi/converis/portal/detail/Publication/505314705
Self-archived copy's licence: CC BY
Self-archived copy's version: Publisher`s PDF
Early social-emotional development is crucial for children's well-being and future outcomes. Although previous work suggests that multilingual children may have advantages in social-emotional development compared to monolingual children, the Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) environment may not adequately respond to the needs of multilingual children in Finland. This study examined the association between language status and social-emotional development among 149 children aged 3–6 years in Finnish ECEC settings. Children's social-emotional development and loneliness were assessed using educator-reported measures. In addition, direct assessments were conducted for the theory of mind (ToM), receptive vocabulary, and verbal fluency. The results revealed no significant differences in social-emotional development when comparing monolingual Finnish speakers to multilingual children with or without Finnish as their strongest language, apart from the finding that multilingual children with Finnish as their strongest language were reported to be more lonely than Finnish monolingual children. When accounting for Finnish language skills, no differences remained significant. However, stronger Finnish language skills were associated with better ToM performance in all children. This study underlines the importance of supporting multilingual pedagogy and the inclusion of multilingual children in the Finnish ECEC environments.
Funding information in the publication:
This work was supported by Niilo Helander Foundation and Wilhelm and Else Stockmann Foundation, and by the Research Council of Finland (EDUCA Flagship), to Maryam Zarra-Nezhad (grants 358924 and 358947) and to Silja Martikainen (grants 358924 and 358945).