A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
Exploring beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) for diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease dual therapy: in vitro and computational studies
Authors: Ojo, Oluwafemi Adeleke; Gyebi, Gideon Ampoma; Ezenabor, Emmanuel Henry; Iyobhebhe, Matthew; Emmanuel, Damilola Abigael; Adelowo, Oluwatumininu Adetoro; Olujinmi, Faith Eniola; Ogunwale, Temitope Emmanuel; Babatunde, Dare Ezekiel; Ogunlakin, Akingbolabo Daniel; Ojo, Adebola Busola; Adeyemi, Oluyomi Stephen
Publisher: ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
Publishing place: CAMBRIDGE
Publication year: 2024
Journal: RSC Advances
Journal name in source: RSC ADVANCES
Journal acronym: RSC ADV
Volume: 14
Issue: 27
First page : 19362
Last page: 19380
Number of pages: 19
eISSN: 2046-2069
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra03638g
This study explored the flavonoid-rich extract of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) dual therapy by using in vitro and molecular simulation studies. Flavonoid-rich extracts of B. vulgaris fruit were evaluated for their antidiabetic and anti-alzheimic activities. Molecular docking and dynamic simulation were performed to identify potential bioactive flavonoids with dual therapeutic effects on T2D and AD. Flavonoid-rich extracts of B. vulgaris fruit (IC50 = 73.062 +/- 0.480 mu g mL(-1)) had moderate activity against alpha-amylase compared to the standard acarbose (IC50 = 27.104 +/- 0.270 mu g mL(-1)). Compared with acarbose, flavonoid-rich extracts of B. vulgaris fruit had appreciable activity against alpha-glucosidase (IC50 = 17.389 +/- 0.436 mu g mL(-1)) (IC50 = 37.564 +/- 0.620 mu g mL(-1)). For AChE inhibition, flavonoid-rich extracts of B. vulgaris fruit exhibited (p < 0.0001) inhibitory activity (IC50 = 723.260 +/- 5.466 mu g mL(-1)), albeit weaker than that of the standard control, galantamine (IC50 = 27.950 +/- 0.122 mu g mL(-1)). Similarly, flavonoid-rich extracts of B. vulgaris fruit showed considerable (p < 0.0001) inhibitory effects on BChE (IC50 = 649.112 +/- 0.683 mu g mL(-1)). In contrast, galantamine (IC50 = 23.126 +/- 0.683 mu g mL(-1)) is more potent than the extracts of B. vulgaris fruit. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity increased in FeSO4-induced brain damage. In contrast, flavonoid-rich extracts of B. vulgaris fruit protected against Fe2+-mediated brain damage by suppressing MAO activity in a concentration-dependent manner. HPLC-DAD profiling of the extracts identified quercetrin, apigenin, rutin, myricetin, iso-quercetrin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and gallic acid. Molecular docking studies revealed quercetrin, apigenin, rutin, iso-queretrin, and myricetin were the top docked bioactive flavonoids against the five top target proteins (alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase AchE, BchE, and MAO). Molecular dynamic simulations revealed that the complexes formed remained stable over the course of the simulation. Collectively, the findings support the prospect of flavonoid-rich extracts of B. vulgaris root functioning as a dual therapy for T2D and AD.
