Nightmares: Prevalence among the Finnish General Adult Population and War Veterans during 1972-2007

: Sandman N, Valli K, Kronholm E, Ollila HM, Revonsuo A, Laatikainen T, Paunio T

Publisher: AMER ACAD SLEEP MEDICINE

: 2013

: Sleep

: SLEEP

: 7

: 36

: 7

: 1041

: 1050

: 10

: 0161-8105

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.2806

Study Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of nightmares among the Finnish general adult population during 1972-2007 and the association
between nightmare prevalence and symptoms of insomnia, depression, and anxiety in World War II veterans.

Design: Eight independent cross-sectional population surveys of the National FINRISK Study conducted in Finland in 1972, 1977, 1982, 1987,
1992, 1997, 2002, and 2007.

Setting: Epidemiologic.

Participants: A total of 69,813 people (33,811 men and 36,002 women) age 25-74 years.

Interventions: N/A.

Measurements and Results: The investigation of nightmare prevalence and insomnia, depression, and anxiety symptoms was based on questionnaires
completed by the participants. Among the whole sample, 3.5% of the men and 4.8% of the women reported frequent nightmares (P < 0.0001
for sex difference), but the prevalence was affected by the age of participants and the year of the survey. Nightmare prevalence increased with
age, particularly among the men. The number of people reporting occasional nightmares increased roughly by 20% for both sexes from 1972 to
2007 (P < 0.0001). Participants with war experiences reported more frequent nightmares and symptoms of insomnia, depression, and anxiety than
participants without such experiences (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions: Prevalence of nightmares was affected by the sex and age of the participants, and occasional nightmares have become more common
in Finland. Exposure to war elevates nightmare prevalence as well as insomnia, depression, and anxiety symptoms even decades after the
war; large numbers of war veterans can affect nightmare prevalence on population level.

Keywords: Adult, epidemiology, general population, nightmare, sex differences, veterans

Psychology