A1 Refereed original research article in a scientific journal
THE WHOLE EARTH BLAZAR TELESCOPE CAMPAIGN ON THE INTERMEDIATE BL LAC OBJECT 3C 66A IN 2007-2008
Authors: Bottcher M, Fultz K, Aller HD, Aller MF, Apodaca J, Arkharov AA, Bach U, Bachev R, Berdyugin A, Buemi C, Calcidese P, Carosati D, Charlot P, Ciprini S, Di Paola A, Dolci M, Efimova NV, Scurrats EF, Frasca A, Gupta AC, Hagen-Thorn VA, Heidt J, Hiriart D, Konstantinova TS, Kopatskaya EN, Lahteenmaki A, Lanteri L, Larionov VM, Le Campion JF, Leto P, Lindfors E, Mihov EMB, Nieppola E, Nilsson K, Ovcharov JMOE, Paakkonen P, Pasanen M, Ragozzine B, Raiteri CM, Ros JA, Sadun A, Sanchez A, Semkov E, Sorcia M, Strigachev A, Takalo L, Tornikoski M, Trigilio C, Umana G, Valcheva A, Villata M, Volvach A, Wu JH, Zhou X
Publisher: IOP PUBLISHING LTD
Publication year: 2009
Journal:: Astrophysical Journal
Journal name in source: ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
Journal acronym: ASTROPHYS J
Volume: 694
Issue: 1
First page : 174
Last page: 182
Number of pages: 9
ISSN: 0004-637X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/694/1/174
Prompted by a high optical state in 2007 September, the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope consortium organized an intensive optical, near-IR (JHK) and radio observing campaign on the intermediate BL Lac object 3C 66A throughout the fall and winter of 2007-2008. In this paper, we present data from 28 observatories in 12 countries, covering the observing season from late 2007 July through 2008 February. The source remained in a high optical state throughout the observing period and exhibited several bright flares on timescales of similar to 10 days. This included an exceptional outburst around 2007 September 15-20, reaching a peak brightness at R similar to 13.4. Our campaign revealed microvariability with flux changes up to vertical bar dR/dt vertical bar similar to 0.02 mag hr(-1). Our observations do not reveal evidence for systematic spectral variability in the overall high state covered by our campaign, in agreement with previous results. In particular, we do not find evidence for spectral hysteresis in 3C 66A for which hints were found in an earlier campaign in a somewhat lower flux state. We also did not find any evidence for spectral lags in the discrete correlation functions between different optical bands. We infer a value of the magnetic field in the emission region of B similar to 19 e(B)(2/7) tau(-6/7)(h) D(1)(13/7) G, where e(B) is the magnetic field equipartition fraction, tau(h) is the shortest observed variability timescale in units of hours, and D(1) is the Doppler factor in units of 10. From the lack of systematic spectral variability, we can derive an upper limit on the Doppler factor, D <= 28 tau(-1/8)(h) e(B)(3/16). This is in perfect agreement with superluminal motion measurements with the VLBI/VLBA of beta(app) <= 27 and argues against models with very high Lorentz factors of Gamma greater than or similar to 50, required for a one-zone synchrotron-self-Compton interpretation of some high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects detected at TeV gamma-ray energies.
