Conclusion: Withdrawal or reduction of BZD/RD produced positive effects on physical, psychological, or cognitive symptoms among all participants, but no differences between the groups were detected. We recommend that clinical goals should be carefully assessed against the risks of long-term BZD/RD use, and that withdrawal interventions should be initiated for community-dwelling users aged 65 and older, especially those long-term users who may already be experiencing adverse drug effects. Copyright (C) 2015, Taiwan Society of Geriatric Emergency & Critical Care Medicine. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. All rights reserved.